Eastern Europe is a specific region in the European continent because it has been a testing ground of grand geopolitics throughout the last three hundred years. The concepts of partition, spheres of influence, buffer zones, division lines, cordon sanitaire, and limitrophe were not only developed in theory...

The Times of the Troubles has one additional feature: the erection of an enormous and sophisticated system of fortifications and military bases along the entire geopolitical zone of contact, that stretched hundreds of kilometres. The concentration of defence lines and fortifications was maybe the greatest in Europe...

In the history of Eastern Europe, the Lisowczyks hold significance for their extensive raids deep into the Russian territories...

Throughout the centuries, the Eastern European region has grappled with its greatest challenge: the inability to self-organise effectively. Conversely, the great powers have consistently resisted the notion that Eastern Europe can evolve into an independent centre of power...

December 2024. Chancellery of the Prime Minister, Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie. A few days before Christmas. One o’clock in the morning. The outgoing President of the United States is trying to call the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland to let him know that war has broken out in the Western Pacific...

The invasion of Ukraine became a serious trigger for the development of military writings inside Russia. Since the beginning of the war, many books have been published that describe the Russian military and geopolitical mindset and conduct...

The Cossack naval asymmetric strategy and tactic was a unique historical phenomenon that provided not only bright stories for contemporary Ukrainians but was one of the geopolitical factors that reshuffled the balance of power in the Black Sea region and allowed the creation of the first Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate...

The naval and maritime factor in the Russo-Ukrainian War has a multidimensional expression and it will play a more important role due to the geopolitical and existential importance to Ukraine and Russia of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Dnieper River and some other big rivers...

It may sound like a paradox but the primary beneficiaries of the multipolar world are the countries of the Global South...

The great geopolitical game for the Heartland of Eurasia (Central Asia) has begun, but this time things are more complicated than in the times of the Han or Tang dynasties or the times of the Great Game in the 19th century...

The decision of Beijing to publicly propose a peace resolution plan for the war in Ukraine was determined by many factors, however, the key component was that China decided to act as a global-scale arbiter...

Together with its One Belt One Road initiative, in 2012, China presented the Community of Common Destiny for Humankind. Initially, the very phrase was used to express China-Taiwan relations...

This three-part series examines the Chinese global factor in international conflict resolution and will try to answer the question - Is China a Global Broker or an Anti-System Power?

On March 5, 2022, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the decree “List of foreign states and territories that are committing unfriendly actions towards the Russian Federation”. There were proposed three categories of the states: ‘friendly’, ‘unfriendly’ and ‘neutral states’...

The war in Ukraine is a unique geopolitical event that resembles and combines many previous international and revolutionary wars that changed the course of history...

The year-long war in Ukraine doesn’t demonstrate any sign of ending soon. On the contrary, everything indicates that the war hasn’t yet reached its apogee...

For a long time, the Turkic World formed a continuous historical and cultural space from China to Europe without the capacity to be a real geopolitical player in Eurasia, but under the leadership of Turkey, the Turkic World is today shaping a new geopolitical reality in Eurasia...

Despite receiving enormous military, economic, social and financial assistance from the West, the Ukrainian economy and social situation are going to deteriorate...

The Soviet general and historian Bobylev disagrees with Zakharov, saying that he was the first to describe the wargames in detail, but he makes many key errors...

Ukraine and Russia are facing a completely new stage in the escalation of hostilities. The war is gradually changing its shape, form and perspective. It has become more aggressive and unpredictable...

In January 1941, the situation forced the Soviet Command to look at the wargames as something more than a merely theoretical routine but as the projection of the real war...

All the Germans, Russians and American generals in 1940 had played wargames as young boys with tin soldiers colored Red and Blue, but this time it was old men playing the theoretical games...

After the Debacle in Kharkiv, the Russian Army forced the Russian leadership to search for the proper answer to the new military challenges...

The Russian political and military leadership is facing a dilemma in Ukraine...

In order to understand the current course of the war in Ukraine, we must go to the Marxist theory of war, which serves as the foundation for Russian military doctrine...

The war in Ukraine is escalating from one stage of the escalation ladder into another, but much higher than the previous, and no end is feasible on the horizon...

Usually, when Russian military strategists or statesmen speak about military theories or doctrine, they concern the global or regional character rather than explaining the theory of the war at the tactical level...

Russia has been forced to cooperate closely with UK and US space companies, more than ever, in achieving their common goal, which is to continue their global dominance in the Earth’s orbit...

Russia is currently using the old strategy of “Artillery is the God of War”. It is often possible to see how Russian experts are discussing the importance of artillery...

Space is the mother of war in the 21st century. Without space technologies, war would immediately be brought back to the first half of the 20th century. Armies would be myopic compared with contemporary armies. Modern logistics, communications and cybersecurity fully depend on the space domain...

The war in Ukraine is study time for military strategists throughout the world, who have been closely observing, learning and examining every move made on both sides of the battlefield...

Satellites have turned Ukrainian territory into the zone of the most transparent war in military history. Both sides see each other’s moves and can predict and calculate options and scenarios...

As realists, we tend to perceive international politics in terms of rivalry over resources, with a specific focus on hard power – geography, military, economy...

My attention was drawn towards the following poem during Easter whilst reading Professor Andrzej Nowak’s latest book, the chapter describing Poland’s dependence on the Soviet empire after World War II...

The geopolitics of the Russo-Ukrainian War has historical, security and ideological implications, but we shouldn’t avoid the environmental factor of this war...

Ukraine is resisting Russian aggression. Ukraine and the Ukrainian people have lost their territories, infrastructure, military material but it still holds its soul, pride, and zealously resists...

The main take-away points from the events in Belarus from the summer of 2020 (the unrest of the pro-Western factions of Belarusian civil society) until the current refugee crisis on the Belarusian border with the EU are the following...

The current crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border suggests that Eastern Europe won’t see peace and stability in this decade. The Ukrainian crisis together with the Belarussian crisis gives enough evidence that processes are occurring within the region that can affect the entire European continent, much more than was the case in 2014...

What’s brewing In the United States is not exclusively only one concept of future warfare based around JADC2, but something more sophisticated and sometimes even more controversial...

The speed and manoeuvrability of combat with the use of robotic systems is increasing so quickly that for humans it will soon be difficult to compete with autonomous robotic systems...

On 5th December 1994, the three depository states of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) that entered into force on 5th March 1970 - Russia, UK, and the US - pledged to provide security assurances to Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine...

It is possible to predict that the system of Command and Control in the armies of the future will be based upon intertwined cooperation or assistance of AI/ML. The consequences of this cooperation have geopolitical and directly-military aftermaths...

The Russian Armed Forces implemented many reforms after the 2008 Georgian War, consolidating military districts, streamlining command-and-control structure, and switching from a division- to a brigade-centric order of battle...

For the Russians, a military tragedy, a catastrophe; for the Poles, a strategic victory; for the Ukrainians, a human and civil tragedy...

The Russian Armed Forces has witnessed a lot in its history, but they have never had a situation when the chief person in the Armed Forces was an accountant...

Considered the biggest reformer of the Pentagon, Robert McNamara was able to consolidate civilian political control over the military leadership and the defence budget...

Following Mike Pence’s 2018 Hudson Institute speech, the wider narrative around China began to change — just as it started to become clear how much of China’s wealth had been ploughed back into infrastructure and the military...

The New Generation Warfare (NGW) revolution is not only exclusively about warfare but is about the comprehensive revolution inside the entire military realm and in the supplementary sectors...

Let us abstract away from what is happening now in the world and concentrate on the historical importance of the events in Afghanistan. What follows here is my humble attempt to forecast the near future which is already just over the horizon...

In March 1965, Mao reportedly told the member of a Palestinian delegation: “Imperialism is afraid of China and the Arabs. Israel and Formosa are bases of imperialism in Asia. You are the front gate of the great continent, and we are the rear. They created Israel for you, and Formosa for us"...

Taiwan and Crimea have many interesting similarities both in terms of their geopolitical and geostrategic importance and in terms of historic and cultural narratives for China and Russia. It seems that the leaders of both countries are committed to the idea of “collecting lost lands”...

War Vs Peace Missile Report #64. May 2021

Poland has joined the list of countries that are going to operate the Turkish Bayraktar UAVs. In the near future, Turkish drones are going to fly in the skies of Poland and the Baltic countries along with the other countries...

“We’re a maritime nation – we’ve grown by the sea and live by it; if we lose command of it we starve” – this is what the English used to say. The Americans still say it today. So it is no coincidence that the US Navy is the pride of the American armed forces - nor is it a coincidence that aircraft carriers are the pride of the US Navy, a symbol of its power and the United States.

In the last seven years of the Obama Presidency (2010-2016), the Dow Jones had risen from 11,500 to 19,500, an average of just over 1,000 points every year...

War Vs Peace Unit Update Report #8

War Vs Peace Missile Report #62 March 2021

For much of world history, cities have been fortified to defend themselves against attack. To this day, they are a difficult nut to crack for attacking troops, despite modern combat measures. It was no different with Warsaw...

War Vs Peace Missile Report #61

2015 was the year of the European Migrant Crisis, when makeshift refugee camps in Greek Islands off the coast of Turkey began filling up with families (and young men) fleeing the ongoing Syrian Civil War...

In February, at a panel organized by the National University of Singapore, former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd expressed his conviction that the next decade of Sino-American relations will be marked by "living on the edge." Rudd's idée fixe is that China and the United States develop "barriers", allowing both powers to continue their inevitable rivalry while reducing the risk of a kinetic conflict between them...

In the US plans for a war with China, Australia plays the role of a base for peripheral operations in the Indian Ocean and in the Indonesian straits...

Barack Obama’s (second) inauguration speech on 21st January 2013 contained this rather hopeful line: “A decade of war is now ending”...

The continued growth of China's power raises a fundamental question: what next, especially in the longer term?

However, what were truly revolutionary and historic were the documents signed recently between London and Kiev. The Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement signed on 8th October 2020 in London during the official visit of the Ukrainian President to the UK...

The United Kingdom is approaching the final stage of Brexit. London is thinking about the post-Brexit period of its history and is searching for a new post-Brexit grand strategy...

This is actually not a report yet, but rather an account of what we have already done and indeed where we are going...

2001 had been amongst the most difficult years in America’s history and the world now waited to see how it would respond...

The dramatic relations between Greece and Turkey are rooted in history, religion, ideology and ultimately geopolitics. The Russian-Turkish Wars in the XVIII and XIX centuries tremendously weakened the Ottoman Empire...

The goal of Americans in the coming years will be to maintain the ability to project power in all areas in which China and Russia - in the face of the current world system - are trying to push back against the interests of the US...

The US is planning to “fundamentally, not only reevaluate, but take actions that will start to undermine the long term relationship” with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)...