Eastern Europe is a specific region in the European continent because it has been a testing ground of grand geopolitics throughout the last three hundred years. The concepts of partition, spheres of influence, buffer zones, division lines, cordon sanitaire, and limitrophe were not only developed in theory...

In the history of Eastern Europe, the Lisowczyks hold significance for their extensive raids deep into the Russian territories...

The invasion of Ukraine became a serious trigger for the development of military writings inside Russia. Since the beginning of the war, many books have been published that describe the Russian military and geopolitical mindset and conduct...

The invasion of Ukraine became a serious trigger for the development of military writings inside Russia. Since the beginning of the war, many books have been published that describe the Russian military and geopolitical mindset and conduct. These books were often published for propagandist purposes, but the old Western school of Sovietology teaches us that to win over the enemy, we must grasp his way of thinking and find his weaknesses...

The Cossack naval asymmetric strategy and tactic was a unique historical phenomenon that provided not only bright stories for contemporary Ukrainians but was one of the geopolitical factors that reshuffled the balance of power in the Black Sea region and allowed the creation of the first Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate...

"Where goest..." presents a list of requirements and considerations that should guide NATO's new Strategy aimed at deterring future Russian aggression...

The naval and maritime factor in the Russo-Ukrainian War has a multidimensional expression and it will play a more important role due to the geopolitical and existential importance to Ukraine and Russia of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Dnieper River and some other big rivers...

Structural issues, i.e. a set of conflicting interests between the United States and China, prevent them from getting out of the spiral of growing rivalry in the summer of 2023...

The great geopolitical game for the Heartland of Eurasia (Central Asia) has begun, but this time things are more complicated than in the times of the Han or Tang dynasties or the times of the Great Game in the 19th century...

Sergei Korolev (1906-1966) is a legendary figure of the 21st century and is considered one of the "fathers" of space exploration. He was a Soviet scientist and designer of rocket and space systems...

This three-part series examines the Chinese global factor in international conflict resolution and will try to answer the question - Is China a Global Broker or an Anti-System Power?

On March 5, 2022, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the decree “List of foreign states and territories that are committing unfriendly actions towards the Russian Federation”. There were proposed three categories of the states: ‘friendly’, ‘unfriendly’ and ‘neutral states’...

The war in Ukraine is a unique geopolitical event that resembles and combines many previous international and revolutionary wars that changed the course of history...

The year-long war in Ukraine doesn’t demonstrate any sign of ending soon. On the contrary, everything indicates that the war hasn’t yet reached its apogee...

The war in Ukraine continues. Its course emphasises the very significant influence of the USA on the political system of Europe...

This part of the series is a record of conclusions and observations resulting directly from conversations with the participants of this war — soldiers and officers...

Despite receiving enormous military, economic, social and financial assistance from the West, the Ukrainian economy and social situation are going to deteriorate...

Oleksij Arestowicz in his recent conversations, including one with me (which you can watch on social media), has started talking about the need to build a military alliance between Ukraine and Poland...

The Soviet general and historian Bobylev disagrees with Zakharov, saying that he was the first to describe the wargames in detail, but he makes many key errors...

Ukraine and Russia are facing a completely new stage in the escalation of hostilities. The war is gradually changing its shape, form and perspective. It has become more aggressive and unpredictable...

Today - part three about lessons from the war, for Poland and for our military...

In January 1941, the situation forced the Soviet Command to look at the wargames as something more than a merely theoretical routine but as the projection of the real war...

In February this year, war broke out in the east. Russia attacked Ukraine. A certain stage in the history of our region and in the history of the world has come to an end...

All the Germans, Russians and American generals in 1940 had played wargames as young boys with tin soldiers colored Red and Blue, but this time it was old men playing the theoretical games...

What if the Russians wanted to end the conflict by using threats or actually using nuclear weapons...

In February this year, war broke out in the east. Russia attacked Ukraine. A certain stage in the history of our region and in the history of the world has come to an end. For years, here at Strategy&Future, we have been talking and writing about the need to prepare for the new times, to prepare for the reform of the Polish military. These new times have come...

Almost exactly sixty years ago, in October 1962, the Cuban crisis took place...

After the Debacle in Kharkiv, the Russian Army forced the Russian leadership to search for the proper answer to the new military challenges...

Sometimes offensive actions and the manoeuvre of heavy units are necessary, but they must be well thought out and planned, because this is completely different from defensive actions...

On the fields of Ukraine, the twentieth-century method of conducting land war (centred on attack, tank columns, a fairly shallow front, and always incomplete reconnaissance, where the fog of war still reigns) is dying out...

The Russian political and military leadership is facing a dilemma in Ukraine...

When Putin stated in July that Moscow had barely started its campaign in Ukraine, daring the west to try to defeat it on the battlefield, it was considered a sign of Russia's readiness to continue its military campaign in Ukraine...

How would the situation in Europe and in the world have developed if Kyiv had been captured by the Russians in the first days of the war?

In order to understand the current course of the war in Ukraine, we must go to the Marxist theory of war, which serves as the foundation for Russian military doctrine...

Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan begins a new era of confrontation between the US and China, and with it, marks the beginning of an already open conflict over Eurasia...

The war in Ukraine is escalating from one stage of the escalation ladder into another, but much higher than the previous, and no end is feasible on the horizon...

Usually, when Russian military strategists or statesmen speak about military theories or doctrine, they concern the global or regional character rather than explaining the theory of the war at the tactical level...

The war in Ukraine unleashed by Russia represents the most serious challenge that has been faced by the United States since the end of the Cold War...

Russia has been forced to cooperate closely with UK and US space companies, more than ever, in achieving their common goal, which is to continue their global dominance in the Earth’s orbit...

Russia is currently using the old strategy of “Artillery is the God of War”. It is often possible to see how Russian experts are discussing the importance of artillery...

The war in Ukraine is study time for military strategists throughout the world, who have been closely observing, learning and examining every move made on both sides of the battlefield...

The situation in the Donbas is not desperate for the Ukrainian Armed Forces but it is very difficult...

Satellites have turned Ukrainian territory into the zone of the most transparent war in military history. Both sides see each other’s moves and can predict and calculate options and scenarios...

Just as one hundred years ago, the war did not bring about the establishment of a federation, despite the Kyiv expedition, Ukrainian attempts supported by Poland, great victories of the Polish soldiers near Warsaw and on the Niemen River...

My attention was drawn towards the following poem during Easter whilst reading Professor Andrzej Nowak’s latest book, the chapter describing Poland’s dependence on the Soviet empire after World War II...

Interdependence is not a sufficient guarantee of peace, but breaking interdependence makes peace even more fragile and insecure. This is how one could define the essence of the strategic dilemma into which the democratic West has faced Russia since the outbreak of the war in Eastern Europe...

The geopolitics of the Russo-Ukrainian War has historical, security and ideological implications, but we shouldn’t avoid the environmental factor of this war...

At the beginning of the 21st century, two main geopolitical visions were formed in the European Union...

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has predictably fixed a substantial proportion of the Russian Armed Forces...

On the night of February 23rd to 24th, 2022, everything seemed to be going as Putin had planned. At the same time, the course of events was the nightmare of Halford Mackinder’s worst dreams...

Ukraine is resisting Russian aggression. Ukraine and the Ukrainian people have lost their territories, infrastructure, military material but it still holds its soul, pride, and zealously resists...

W niedzielę 27 lutego (na dzień przed spotkaniem rosyjskich i ukraińskich zespołów negocjacyjnych) prezydent Władimir Putin poinformował o postawieniu w stan podwyższonej gotowości sił nuklearnych Federacji Rosyjskiej...

The main take-away points from the events in Belarus from the summer of 2020 (the unrest of the pro-Western factions of Belarusian civil society) until the current refugee crisis on the Belarusian border with the EU are the following...

Since the publication of my guide calculating how many battalion tactical groups (BTGs) the Russian Armed Forces could generate against Poland, a couple critiques have been levelled at whether this is the best way to understand how Russia would fight Poland and/or NATO at large...

The Russian Armed Forces implemented many reforms after the 2008 Georgian War, consolidating military districts, streamlining command-and-control structure, and switching from a division- to a brigade-centric order of battle...

The Russian aggression against Ukraine since 2014 has reanimated in Ukraine the political and intellectual discussion over Ukraine’s restoration of nuclear power status. This initiative was immediately integrated into the informational war against Russia by the Ukrainian political establishment...

It seems that 2022 may not be easy, bringing many challenges to the world and Poland. We at S&F will list a few of them, focusing on the absolute most important issues...

The current crisis related to Russian political and military maneuvering, and the West’s reaction to it, forces us to reflect on several issues concerning Poland’s vital interests...

For the Russians, a military tragedy, a catastrophe; for the Poles, a strategic victory; for the Ukrainians, a human and civil tragedy...

Michael J. Mazarr, analysing conflicts in the “grey zone” in 2015, as part of a project initiated by the Strategic Studies Institute focusing on the changing nature of contemporary conflicts, attempted to formulate seven hypotheses about the future...

It is very puzzling, the calmness with which public opinion received the statements of the most important politician in the country on the real possibility of a war with Russia (and Belarus)...

Shamanov in his interview does not mention the role of the 45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade during the war on the Abkhazian front.  However, many sources indicate that the 45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade undertook the most dangerous operations during the war in the Abkhazian TVD...

Earlier this month, I participated in a debate at a fairly large event, which is the annual Warsaw Security Forum...

The Russo-Georgian War in 2008 was not a challenge for the Georgian Armed Forces exclusively, but also for Russia. In fact, the consequences of the war triggered the process of the modernisation of the Russian Armed Forces...

Forming new alliances like AUKUS or the QUAD does not mean creating new blocs. “Inter-epoch” alliances, for the time in which we find ourselves, will be less formalised and more loosely structured...

The Russian Armed Forces has witnessed a lot in its history, but they have never had a situation when the chief person in the Armed Forces was an accountant...

It is already a deep tradition amongst the apologists of the theory of International Relations to compare Geopolitics with ideology or dogmatism...

Just as art arises from the meeting of culture with circumstances, and just as great art arises from an encounter with extraordinary circumstances, the way of waging war is a meeting of the strategic culture of a state with extreme circumstances, bringing death and destruction, sometimes even the end of that state...

The Great Game of the XXI century is not only about Afghanistan anymore. This time, it is about a struggle by the Land Powers to bite into the World Ocean and to undermine the West’s monopoly over it and the Freedom of Navigation concept...

The Southern Caucasus is one of the most dangerous hotspots on the Eurasian continent. For centuries, the region has attracted regional and global players. Its small nations exist constantly under the pressure of three crucial Eurasian powers: Russia, Turkey and Iran...

The case of NS2, New START, the Three Seas Initiative and Biden’s arrangements with Putin close the period of 30 years of geopolitical pause for Poland...

Here are nine points where, in my opinion, the geopolitical reality is different than at the time of the mental mapping of our elites in the last 200 years...

In March 1965, Mao reportedly told the member of a Palestinian delegation: “Imperialism is afraid of China and the Arabs. Israel and Formosa are bases of imperialism in Asia. You are the front gate of the great continent, and we are the rear. They created Israel for you, and Formosa for us"...

Taiwan and Crimea have many interesting similarities both in terms of their geopolitical and geostrategic importance and in terms of historic and cultural narratives for China and Russia. It seems that the leaders of both countries are committed to the idea of “collecting lost lands”...

War Vs Peace Unit Update Report #10

War Vs Peace Missile Report #64. May 2021

The experiences of previous Russian-Ukrainian confrontations shows that the easiest task for Moscow was to take control over Kharkov and Sloboda Ukraine...

Theatre of War “C” – the Northern Tavrida ‘Peninsula’ - from a geopolitical perspective, this theatre is given by the geopolitical divine to be occupied if the Crimean Peninsula is already under control...

Scenario Five - this scenario is closer to the second scenario or even to the first one, but in this scenario, Russia imposes its entire technological superiority and destroys the main concentrations of Ukrainian military equipment, material and navy...

Scenario Two - here the strategic goals are much greater and the effects in case of its realisation would not be simply political or diplomatic...

2021 will be the anniversary of Ukrainian independence and 30 years since the fall of the Soviet Union.,,

Geopolitics has different expressions, usually global or regional, but sometimes it can be interesting to understand the phenomenon of geopolitics through the local angle. Victor Savchenko’s book which I present today is truly one of those books that give us a picture of how geopolitics works at the local level...

War Vs Peace Unit Update Report #8

War Vs Peace Missile Report #62 March 2021

In 2013 Russia’s Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu and Chief of General Staff Valery Gerasimov jointly announced the creation of a Special Operations Forces...

War Vs Peace Missile Report #61

It is now 100 years since the signing of the peace treaty in Riga, which ended Poland’s war in the east with Soviet Russia and established relations in our part of the world for the following 20 years...

Egypt in the Russian agenda plays the most important role for the Middle East and Africa, and the cooperation seems to be increasing in 2021...

“The numbers tell us this was a debate between change and experience, and change won”...

“Every once in a while, a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything.” Normally we might be inclined to ignore Steve Jobs’ sales patter but here, on 9th January 2007 unveiling the first-generation Apple iPhone, he was - as they say - on point...

In the 31st January 1907 edition of Le Matin, under the headline Paris-Pékin Automobile: Un défi prodigieux, there was a really remarkable story which looked set to define what we now think of as the first era of globalisation...

This book was written in 2008 by one of the staunch supporters of Vladimir Putin’s regime. Mikhail Leontiev was born in Moscow in 1958 and for many years was involved in Russian politics, more specifically in Russian media space...